Takedown of Black Opinion website exposes poor SA internet law
Internet Service Providers should not have to decide which websites are kosher
A South African expatriate lodged a complaint with the Internet Service Providers’ Association (ISPA) against the website blackopinion.co.za (Black Opinion) because it promotes racial hatred. The ISPA passed the complaint on to its member organisation Hetzner. On Friday, Hetzner took down the site.
The Black Opinion website is racist, littered with lies, and linked to the Guptas. The site’s most notorious contributor is Andile Mngxitama. He has popularised the phrase White Monopoly Capital coined by Bell Pottinger. During the Mbeki era Mngxitama attacked HIV scientists, which suited Mbeki’s AIDS denialist agenda. Nowadays he’s the lapdog for the people at the forefront of state capture. So he has a long history of being a propagandist for flawed presidents.
But no matter how disreputable Black Opinion and Mngxitama are, it’s concerning that the site was taken down so easily. Freedom of expression applies to everyone, including those we detest. Besides that it is useful to read Black Opinion to better understand the state capturers, the principles of free speech have to be applied fairly. When a website nearly everyone hates is taken down, it opens the door to censor websites a bit less hated, and then websites only quite a lot of people hate, and ultimately only websites the powerful hate. Today it’s Black Opinion. Tomorrow it might be AmaBhungane.
To have a website you generally need an Internet Service Provider (ISP) which allocates you storage space for your content, and a portal to the web. ISPs are companies providing a technical service. They do not have nor should be expected to have the skills to decide what’s acceptable expression. Perhaps there are some obvious exceptions, such as child porn, or outright calls to violence. But deciding the fate of the Black Opinion website is well beyond a normal ISP’s expertise.
On Monday the ISPA explained how Black Opinion got taken down: Anyone can lodge a Take-Down Notice about unlawful website content with the ISPA in terms of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act of 2002 (ECT). The ISPA then simply passes the notice to its member ISP. It does not decide whether to act on the Take-Down Notice; that’s the ISP’s decision.
Hetzner explained that the reason it acts on Take-Down Notices is that doing so exempts it from liability under the ECT, which is true and also the problem. The ECT does provide for holding the complainant liable if he or she has made a misleading complaint, but this means Black Opinion would have to go to court to hold the expat that lodged the complaint liable for the takedown of the website. Black Opinion would likely also have to go to court to get Hetzner or other local ISPs to host it again.
But that is back to front. A law that encourages freedom of expression should compel the complainant to go to court to show that a webpage has unlawful content. It should not be the website owners that have to go to court to show that their webpages should be put back up. In other words Hetzner and other ISPs should only be in a position where they feel compelled to remove content if they are told to do so by a court. They should also not be held liable for the content of their customers.
The Take-Down Notice problem is getting worse as the following graph shows. In 2016, 220 Take-Down Notices were passed on from the ISPA to internet service providers. For 209 of them, content was removed.
In 2015, GroundUp reported that a company that makes misleading health claims about its products, USN, got a consumer activist’s website taken down because it exposed USN’s nonsense. The service provider was also Hetzner in that case. The consumer activist got his website back online by going to an offshore service provider, which is what Black Opinion could easily do. GroundUp is also with an offshore ISP, partly so that we don’t fall victim of Take-Down Notices.
The biggest victims of the current anti-freedom of expression ECT are likely to be our local ISPs. I doubt the ECT is constitutional. The ISPs should challenge it in court.
Post-publication note
The article should have made this clearer: The ISPs are not taking down websites based on an assessment of their content. If they get a Take-Down Notice, they almost always take down (as the stats show). That’s because they wish to avoid liability. (Based on my correspondence with Hetzner, their staff almost certainly didn’t assess the lawfulness of Black Opinion, nor other sites they have taken down such as camcheck.co.za.) The ISPs are in an invidious position. They generally do not have, nor wish to have, nor should be expected to have the skills to assess the lawfulness of website content. That should be the role of a court (or an ombudsman or similar). The ECT as it stands encourages taking down. It should be amended so that ISPs are not put into the position of making decisions that belongs with courts or an ombudsman.
Views expressed are not necessarily shared by other GroundUp staff and contributors.
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